Unveiling Neurological Benefits: A Review of Hemp Leaf, Flower, Seed Oil Extract, and Their Phytochemical Properties in Neurological Disorders

Neurological disorders such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis present significant global health care challenges, with complex pathophysiology and limited therapeutic options that often carry substantial side effects. Hemp-derived compounds, particularly from <i>Cannabis sativa</i> seeds, leaves, and flowers, have gained attention for their potential neuroprotective properties. This review aims to synthesize the current evidence surrounding the therapeutic benefits of hemp-derived compounds, focusing on their bioactive phytochemical profiles, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic efficacy in treating neurological disorders. A comprehensive review of pre-clinical and clinical studies was conducted, analyzing the phytochemical composition of hemp extracts, including cannabinoids (such as cannabidiol, CBD), terpenes, flavonoids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. We explored their mechanisms of action through interactions with the endocannabinoid system, neurotransmitter receptors, inflammatory pathways, and oxidative stress mechanisms. The review highlights the therapeutic potential of hemp-derived extracts in mitigating various neurological conditions. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated their efficacy in reducing seizure frequency in epilepsy, protecting dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease, alleviating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease, and promoting remyelination in multiple sclerosis. The entourage effect, where cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids work synergistically, enhances these therapeutic effects. Innovations in extraction technologies have optimized yield and preserved bioactivity, further enhancing clinical relevance. Hemp-derived compounds exhibit significant neuroprotective and therapeutic potential for managing neurological disorders. However, challenges such as product standardization, safety profiles, and regulatory frameworks must be addressed for clinical translation. Further research is essential to optimize dosing, establish safety parameters, and develop standardized formulations, which will be crucial for fully harnessing the therapeutic potential of hemp-derived products in treating neurological conditions.