All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

COPD patients have significantly higher death risks than non-COPD individuals, worsening with disease severity. Independent determinants of COPD-attributable mortality risk comprise smoking, coexisting respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer (particularly lung cancer). These findings provide an evidence-based foundation for developing targeted intervention strategies to mitigate COPD-related mortality.