Artificial intelligence and 3D planning in reconstructive maxillofacial surgery. (A systematic review PRISMA)

Background. Digital technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) are increasingly being integrated into maxillofacial surgery, providing a higher level of precision, safety, and treatment personalization. Three-dimensional (3D) planning, CAD/CAM, and 3D printing contribute to improving the predictability of reconstructive procedures. Despite the growing body of evidence, there remains a need to systematize research results related to the implementation of AI and 3D technologies in this field. Objective. To summarize current evidence on the application of artificial intelligence and three-dimensional planning technologies in reconstructive and orthognathic maxillofacial surgery. Materials and methods. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Publications from 2015 to 2025 were searched in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and eLIBRARY.ru databases. Clinical trials, case reports, experimental study, a narrative reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials were included and assessed using AMSTAR 2 and ROB 2.0 tools. Results. Out of 514 identified publications, 43 studies met the inclusion criteria, 23 of which demonstrated high or moderate methodological quality. The use of CAD/CAM, virtual surgical planning, and machine learning algorithms was shown to improve the accuracy of bone segment positioning, reduce operative time and intraoperative errors, and enhance functional and aesthetic outcomes, as well as patients’ quality of life. Conclusion. The implementation of AI and 3D technologies in maxillofacial surgery significantly enhances the efficiency and predictability of reconstructive procedures. However, further clinical validation and the development of unified application standards are required.