Effect of surface treatment methods of different types of dental implants on mesenchymal stem cell number and osteogenic differentiation in the treatment of peri-implantitis

Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of different decontamination methods (Er,Cr:YSGG laser with a wavelength of 2780 nm, erythritol-based Air Flow, and Vector Paro) on the adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on three types of dental implant surfaces (TiO2, SLA, RBM) in the context of peri-implantitis treatment. Material and methods. The study included 36 dental implants from three manufacturers with different surface types. Nine new implants (three from each manufacturer) served as the control group. The remaining 27 implants (three implants of each surface type per treatment method), retrieved from patients with clinically confirmed peri-implantitis, were treated using one of the following methods: Er,Cr:YSGG laser with a wavelength of 2780 nm, erythritol-based Air Flow, or the ultrasonic Vector Paro system. Following surface treatment, mesenchymal stem cells derived from the bone marrow of CD-1 mice were seeded onto the implants. After five weeks of culture, quantitative cell analysis was performed using flow cytometry, and Alizarin Red staining was applied to assess the extent of osteogenic differentiation. Results. Among the applied cleaning methods, the Er,Cr:YSGG laser with a wavelength of 2780 nm demonstrated the highest effectiveness, showing versatility regardless of the implant surface type. The erythritol-based Air Flow powder-polishing method was most effective for implants with an RBM surface. The Vector Paro ultrasonic device showed the greatest efficacy on TiO2 surfaces. Conclusion. The obtained results underscore the necessity of selecting the surface treatment method according to the implant surface type to preserve its functional properties and ensure successful re-osseointegration.