Erectile Dysfunction in the Modern Era: A Review of Psychosocial Factors, Lifestyle Influences, and Emerging Therapies

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects millions of men worldwide, with increasing prevalence among older adults and individuals with diabetes or cardiovascular disorders. Although historically regarded as a purely physiological condition, current understanding recognizes ED as a multifactorial disorder influenced by physical health, psychological status, social factors, and lifestyle habits. Methods: This review analysed recent literature on psychosocial determinants, lifestyle influences, and emerging therapeutic interventions for ED. Results: Psychosocial factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, relationship conflicts, and social stigma significantly contribute to the onset and persistence of ED, often exacerbating underlying physiological causes and discouraging affected individuals from seeking treatment. Unhealthy lifestyle habits, including poor diet, physical inactivity, substance abuse, and sleep disturbances, are also independently associated with an increased risk of ED. Discussion: Advances in treatment now extend beyond pharmacotherapy, incorporating novel approaches such as low-intensity shockwave therapy, stem cell therapy, and digital health interventions. These developments reflect a paradigm shift in ED management. Conclusion: This review underscores the importance of adopting a holistic, biopsychosocial approach to the assessment and treatment of ED, integrating psychological, social, and lifestyle factors with emerging medical therapies to optimize patient outcomes.