Exploring biodegradable fibers as sustainable alternatives for sanitary napkin: A comprehensive review

The development of biodegradable fibers for use in sanitary napkins has become a vital research focus aimed at addressing the escalating environmental burden caused by plastic-based menstrual products. The application of naturally derived and biodegradable synthetic fibers not only offers the potential to minimize plastic pollution but also ensures safety, comfort, and efficiency in menstrual hygiene management. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the progress made in the design, composition, and functionality of biodegradable fibers for sanitary napkin applications. Emphasis is placed on evaluating their absorbency, breathability, biodegradability, tensile strength, and antimicrobial performance to determine their suitability as core materials. In addition, the review integrates material characteristics with production feasibility, environmental and health impact assessments, and market prospects, presenting a holistic view of sustainable sanitary product development. Within the context of the global shift toward a circular bioeconomy and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), biodegradable sanitary products demonstrate significant potential to reduce environmental burdens and improve public health outcomes. Furthermore, the review consolidates standardized testing methodologies for assessing product efficacy and biodegradation, identifies persistent research gaps in fiber processing, hydrophobic coating formulation, and scalable manufacturing, and outlines future directions for innovation. Overall, this study provides a scientific foundation and strategic framework to accelerate the transition toward next-generation, eco-friendly menstrual hygiene technologies.