The evolution of freestyle start jumps ‒ technique and determinants

Background and Study Aim. Starts in freestyle, breaststroke and butterfly races are performed by diving from the starting block, while backstroke starts are executed from the water by pushing off the pool wall or using a special footrest. The starting dives in freestyle analyzed in this paper constitute a fundamental component of a swim race, determining the time advantage obtained in the initial phase of competition. The aim of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of starting-dive technique, technological transformations across decades ‒ including the progression from the grab start to the kick/track start ‒ and structural modifications of starting blocks equipped with handles and an adjustable footrest. Materials and methods. The materials for the study were the regulations of the World Aquatics Federation (formerly FINA), subject literature, and research findings on determinants of different starting techniques. A systematic review method was applied to analyze the evolution of the starting dive, differences between the grab start and the track start, and meta-analyses concerning parameters occurring in the distinct phases of the starting dive, comparing the track start to the kick start. Results. The freestyle start in swimming has undergone a significant technical transformation from simple starting forms, through the more advanced grab start, then the track start, to the currently preferred kick start. FINA, renamed World Aquatics in 2022, repeatedly updated regulations regarding starting platforms and start procedures. Today the kick start, because it optimizes key factors related to the starting platform and biomechanics, allows for a higher initial velocity and thus a longer flight, giving swimmers a significant advantage in a race. Conclusions. The starting dive has evolved from simple start forms through the grab start and track start to the currently preferred kick start technique. FINA and World Aquatics regulations governing the starting dive have undergone changes and adaptations. Currently, the preferred freestyle starting technique is the kick start, in which biomechanical factors such as push-off force, flight distance and time, and entry angle are most favorable.