Eco-Restoration Through Indigenous Microorganisms: A Review of Advances in Bioremediation and Waste Conversion

Abstract: Environmental protection from hazardous and toxic chemical deposition is a critical global concern. Bioremediation, an economical and eco-friendly method, has emerged as a promising solution. Among various strategies, the use of Indigenous Microorganisms (IMOs)—microbes naturally present in a given environment—offers significant advantages. These autochthonous microbial populations play essential roles in biodegradation, bioleaching, biocomposting, nitrogen fixation, toxicity reduction, fertility enhancement, and the synthesis of plant growth-promoting hormones. IMOs contribute to mineral extraction, sustainable agriculture, and effective waste management across various regions. Their absence would negatively impact all life forms and ecosystem functions. This chapter emphasizes the importance of conserving and utilizing indigenous microbes to transform waste into valuable bioresources, thereby facilitating environmental restoration. The diversity of IMOs depends on their collection and isolation methods, which are influenced by specific environmental conditions. Overall, the promotion of IMO-based technologies can bridge the gap between anthropogenic waste generation and ecological balance.