Overcoming multi-Antifungal resistance in genetically characterized Candida albicans using Matricaria chamomilla L. extract with antineoplastic activity

Background: Antifungal therapy is increasingly challenged by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Candida albicans, which is driving researchers to look for efficient natural substitutes. Although Matricaria chamomilla is well-known for its phytochemicals that are bioactive, further research is needed to fully understand its biological impacts and ability to combat MDR fungal infections. Methods: Candida spp. were screened in clinical vulvovaginal specimens, and isolates were evaluated against ten widely used antifungals. Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis were used to identify the MDR C. albicans isolate. GC-MS was used to chemically characterize the M. chamomilla extract. MIC and inhibitory zone assays were used to measure antifungal activity. DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS techniques were used to assess antioxidant potential. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine changes in morphology. HeLa cancer cells and HFB4 fibroblasts were used to assess the anticancer and cytotoxic impacts, subsequently. Results: Five distinct species of Candida were found, and one isolate of C. albicans showed total resistance to every antifungal that was examined. The M. chamomilla extract included 16 molecules, four of which were the main bioactive components, according to GC-MS. Strong antifungal capability was shown by the extract (MIC = 31.25 ± 0.6 µg/mL; 22.2 ± 0.3 mm inhibitory zone). SEM revealed that the treated yeast cells had significant damage to the structures. Strong antioxidant activity was demonstrated by the extract (IC50 values: DPPH 7.06 µg/mL; FRAP 32.02 µg/mL; ABTS 57.48 µg/mL). Anticancer test showed little toxicity to normal fibroblasts (IC50 = 395.15 µg/mL) and selective cytotoxicity towards HeLa cells (IC50 = 207.13 µg/mL). Conclusion: M. chamomilla extract has outstanding antifungal efficacy versus MDR C. albicans, as evidenced by considerable morphological damage of yeast cells. Its strong antioxidant capability and specific anticancer action emphasize its medicinal promise. The extract is a promising natural candidate for use in antifungal and multimodal biological uses.