Psychology of Uncertainty: Unraveling Psychological Factors from Threat Appraisal to Cognitive Avoidance

Abstract Introduction: Uncertainty is a natural part of life, but for young adults, it can be particularly challenging as they navigate major life transitions, whether in career choices, relationships, or personal growth. When individuals perceive uncertain situations as threatening, they may attempt to minimize discomfort by avoiding or suppressing thoughts about the future. This study examines how perceiving uncertainty as a threat contributes to cognitive avoidance, with a focus on the mediating roles of intolerance of uncertainty and future anxiety among young adults in Pakistan. Method: This study comprised of 475 university students (males (n=186) and females (n=289). The study utilized cross-sectional survey design in which standardized instruments were used. Results: The results from structural equation modeling showed that intolerance of uncertainty acts as a mediator in the association between threat appraisal and cognitive avoidance. Furthermore, future anxiety was found to be a nonsignificant mediator between threat appraisal and cognitive avoidance. Conclusion: The findings from this study provide practical insights into underlying factors that influence fear of unknown among young adults in Pakistan. Perception of uncertainty as threatening and increased intolerance of uncertainty can lead to maladaptive avoidance patterns. Understanding these patterns can provide insight into how young people cope with uncertainty