THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, LIFESTYLE, AND SUPPLEMENTATION IN REGULATING ENDOGENOUS TESTOSTERONE LEVELS IN MEN

Introduction: Testosterone is a crucial hormone for men's health, regulating metabolic, cardiovascular, and psychological functions. In recent decades, a global trend of declining levels has been observed, carrying serious health implications, including an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and reduced quality of life. Although pharmacological treatment for hypogonadism is available, the importance of non-pharmacological interventions is growing. Modifiable factors such as lifestyle (diet, sleep, stress, physical activity), exposure to environmental pollutants (endocrine disruptors), and supplementation (including vitamin D, zinc, adaptogens) are recognized as key regulators of endogenous testosterone production. A systematic analysis of these elements is fundamental for developing effective preventive strategies. Objective: The aim of this review is to review and synthesize current scientific knowledge regarding the impact of environmental factors, lifestyle, and supplementation on endogenous testosterone levels in men. Methods: A review of the available scientific literature from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases published within the last 20 years was conducted, using keywords related to testosterone, lifestyle, environmental factors, and supplementation. Results: The review indicates that lifestyle factors such as obesity, poor sleep quality, and chronic stress are strongly associated with lower testosterone levels, while resistance training shows a positive effect. Environmental exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (e.g., BPA, phthalates) and heavy metals (e.g., lead, cadmium) are also linked to hormonal disruption. Supplementation with vitamin D and zinc appears effective primarily in correcting deficiencies, while evidence for adaptogens like Ashwagandha is promising but requires further investigation. The impact of diet composition (e.g., fat intake) is significant, whereas the link between smoking and testosterone remains paradoxical. Conclusions: Endogenous testosterone levels are influenced by a complex interplay of modifiable lifestyle and environmental factors. Obesity, sleep deprivation, and stress emerge as major negative regulators. While environmental toxins pose a risk, targeted supplementation can be beneficial, particularly for deficiencies. A holistic approach emphasizing lifestyle modifications should be considered the first-line strategy for optimizing male hormonal health.