Resilience Evaluation of Traditional Villages from a Built-Environment Perspective: An Integrated Community–Ecology–Economy–Culture Approach

Traditional villages are integral to the broader context of global socio-economic transition. This study developed a resilience evaluation model centred on built-environment indicators. This model integrates the community, economy, ecology, and culture dimensions. Clarifying the typology and key driving factors of traditional village built environment resilience can effectively activate the inherent potential of villages. The study provides a holistic approach to identifying traditional village built environment resilience types and analysing the key influencing factors. Utilising a method combining the SOM-K-means clustering model and the interpretable XGBoost-SHAP model, the study provides a holistic analytical framework for identifying traditional village built environment resilience types and quantifying the nonlinear action characteristics of various indicators across different types. Taking the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region as an example, the study demonstrates that traditional villages can be categorised into six potential resilience types, with differentiated key indicator combinations across these types. Furthermore, the nonlinear action characteristics and operational thresholds of the same key indicator differ significantly across various traditional village types. For instance, at medium-to-high threshold levels, the accessibility of cultural buildings contributes significantly to the sustainability of culture–service-driven villages but, conversely, becomes a detriment in ecology-cultural composite archetypes. Similarly, in industry–creative driven villages, once the density of cultural and creative spaces reaches a specific threshold, it exerts a significant positive effect on traditional village development and stabilises into a sustained positive state. However, in ecology–agriculture–organisation-driven villages, exceeding a certain threshold in the density of cultural and creative spaces has a significant negative influence. The results provide an analytical framework for the resilience typology and influencing factors of traditional village built environments, consequently offering a scientific basis for formulating refined, differentiated policies for traditional villages.