A Review of the Sentinel Role of Erinaceus europaeus in Zoonotic Diseases Across Urban and Rural Environments: A One Health Perspective

The western-European hedgehog (<i>Erinaceus europaeus</i>) is widely distributed across Europe and increasingly interacts with humans and domestic animals due to urban expansion and habitat fragmentation. This review synthesize current knowledge on the zoonotic agents associated with <i>E. europaeus</i> and evaluates its potential role as a sentinel species within a One Health framework. Numerous bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths have been reported in this species, reflecting its ecological adaptability and continuous exposure to diverse environmental sources of infection. The hedgehog's ability to thrive in both rural and urban settings makes it a valuable bioindicator of environmental health, pathogen circulation and anthropogenic pressures. Understanding the ecological interactions and pathogen dynamics of <i>E. europaeus</i> contributes to improving surveillance strategies, supporting integrated approaches to disease prevention and control, and reinforcing the importance of wildlife in One Health initiatives.