Blockchain Fragmentation Mechanism for Node Heterogeneity

To enhance blockchain scalability, sharding technology enables parallel transaction processing, but existing solutions often neglect node heterogeneity, which introduces security risks and performance bottlenecks. This paper proposes a novel dynamic sharding scheme that dynamically allocates validators to shards based on their historical performance scores and computational power, ensuring balanced shard capacity and higher attack resistance. A tailored reward–penalty mechanism further incentivizes participation and discourages malicious behavior. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms prominent sharding protocols, including Elastico, OmniLedger, and RapidChain, by achieving higher throughput and lower latency. The proposed scheme effectively addresses node heterogeneity and enhances the overall scalability and security of blockchain systems.