Factors influencing Riyadh Elm University students’ grade point average variations across the first and second semesters: A retrospective observational study and cross-sectional survey

Introduction: The role of education is crucial in building individuals and communities. Studies have proven that many environmental factors such as Ramadhan, vacations, and weather impact grades. Therefore, properly understanding these factors is necessary for optimum learning outcomes. Conceiving the current situation within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to create harmonious learning environments will help educational entities thrive and build toward the common Saudi vision of 2030. Aims: This study aims to evaluate environmental factors that influence academic performance among a private university’s student body, specifically focusing on potential variables. The objective is to identify the reasons behind grade differences between semesters and uncover elements that might affect students’ grade point average (GPA). Materials and Methods: This study demonstrated a mixed-methods approach. Seventy-six student records were observed and analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA done using Jamovi. A survey was also conducted to determine further insights. These were analyzed qualitatively following a thematic approach conducted on RStudio. Results and Discussion: There is a significant difference in student GPAs between semester one and semester two with two being higher. The GPA significantly changed as students progressed through their studies. Notable differences were indicated across the university’s colleges with dentistry and pharmacy students achieving higher GPAs compared to nursing students. Gender, however, showed no differences in GPA. Conclusion: Academic performance massively depends on the system in addition to personal traits and efforts. Awareness of learning trends helps determine opportunities for timely support.