Effects of Micronutrients and Heavy Metals on Endothelial Function and Cardiovascular Risk in the Face of Environmental Changes

Dynamic environmental changes significantly affect trace element balance and exposure to toxic metals, influencing vascular homeostasis. The endothelium, as a key regulator of vascular tone and inflammation, is highly sensitive to fluctuations in micronutrient and heavy metal concentrations. This review summarizes current evidence on the molecular mechanisms by which essential trace elements, such as zinc, selenium, copper, and magnesium, support endothelial function through antioxidant defense, nitric oxide regulation, and anti-inflammatory signaling. Conversely, exposure to heavy metals including cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic induces oxidative stress, disrupts nitric oxide bioavailability, and promotes endothelial dysfunction, accelerating the pathogenesis of many diseases. The paper examines how these alterations contribute to the development of major cardiovascular diseases and outlines preventive measures to reduce associated risks. Understanding these interactions is crucial for society's health amid growing environmental challenges.