Identifying Low-Embodied Carbon Façade Solutions for Residential Buildings in Spain

Abstract The building sector plays a crucial role in global decarbonisation efforts, with façades serving as a key component in reducing both embodied and operational carbon emissions, particularly in the context of Spain. This study provides a detailed analysis of construction solutions for the most commonly used building envelope types and materials in Spain. The study conducted the LCA of more than 30,000 combinations of layers (including different materials and thickness) and covering façade types (including ETICS, ventilated, traditional, and bio-based façades). The findings highlight the significance of each façade layer in calculating embodied carbon emissions, noting that finishing materials contribute most to the embodied carbon footprint for those with the highest impacts. Notably, the highest carbon footprint values do not always correlate with the coldest winter climate zones; rather, they depend more on the materials used and the construction solution type. The study concludes with recommendations to enhance façade design and minimise environmental impact, providing actionable insights to advance sustainable design practices in Spain.