The protective effects of bee propolis and venom nanocomposites on diethylnitrosamine-induced developmental toxicity: A comprehensive review

Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) is a widely recognized hepatocarcinogenic chemical present in smoking cigarettes, water, processed and roasted meals, cheese made with cheddar, agricultural herbicides, beauty products, and pharmaceuticals. Exposure to DEN has also been linked to hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) buildup, which can result in oxidative DNA destruction and other nucleophiles. Researchers are looking into herbal alternatives with less adverse effects, specifically propolis and venom, confirmed in vivo, in vitro, and clinical research. This will concentrate on systematic data and technological support to produce novel complexes with bioactive properties for chronic conditions. Nanostructures can advance the administration and intake of medicinal herbs, which are usually low in bioavailability because of their large molecular mass and water solubility, especially in oral medications. This method uses multi-target therapy to improve the effects of propolis and venom while reducing adverse effects. Assessment of DEN embryotoxicity, assessment of propolis and venom bioactive ingredients, classification of propolis and venom nanoformulations, design principles, and ways in which venom and propolis nanoformulations work were shown. Furthermore, the constraints and opportunities for converting these insights into therapeutic effects are highlighted. Over the past decade, there have been few investigations on DEN embryotoxicity, and lists of nanoformulations for propolis and venom have been published. This review focuses on the challenges encountered in producing large-scale nanoformulations for herbal medicine.