Black-Winged Kite Algorithm for Accurate Parameter Estimation in Photovoltaic Systems

This paper evaluates the efficacy of the Black-Winged Kite Algorithm (BKA) for parameter estimation in single-, double-, and triple-diode photovoltaic (PV) models. This study targets key electrical parameters, including photocurrent, reverse saturation current, series, and shunt resistances, and diode ideality factor(s) using experimental I-V data from an RTC France silicon cell. Performance is assessed using the root mean square error (RMSE) and convergence behavior and benchmarked against established metaheuristics including the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO). The results show that BKA achieves competitive RMSE values with stable convergence for the investigated dataset. BKA employs coupled exploration and exploitation updates inspired by hunting and migration behaviors, and its limited number of control parameters supports straightforward deployment in nonlinear PV identification tasks. The results support BKA as a viable optimization option for PV model fitting in this setting, while also reflecting the typical trade-offs between search diversity and computational effort inherent to population-based methods.