A Comparative Review of Spatial Transcriptomics Methods with Focus on Gastrointestinal Cancer Research

7,8].Such architectural features dictate the positional relationships among malignant, stromal, immune, and endo-thelial cells within the physicochemical microenvironment, thereby influencing clonal evolution, metabolic zonation, immune infiltration patterns, and therapeutic response.Consequently, defining these spatial properties is essential for understanding structure-function relationships within the GI tumor microenvironment (TME) and for identifying prognostic markers and therapeutically actionable vulnerabilities [9-12].Spatial transcriptomics (STs) enables quantitative geneexpression profiling while preserving native tissue architecture [13,14], allowing systematic reconstruction of cellular organization, spatially restricted cellular states, and localized interaction networks that are largely lost in dissociative ap-