International Legal Protection of Biodiversity: Realities and Perspectives

The article discusses the system of international legal protection of biological diversity as a response to the global crisis of species loss. The author analyzes the key threats to biodiversity, including habitat destruction, overexploitation of resources, climate change, and the introduction of invasive species, emphasizing their synergistic effect. A central focus of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the architecture of international agreements in this area, with an emphasis on the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) of 1992 as the foundational universal treaty. The threefold objectives of the CBD are revealed: the conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair distribution of benefits derived from the use of genetic resources. The evolution of the approach from the protection of individual species to an ecosystem-based perspective is demonstrated. The analysis of the system of international agreements in the field of biodiversity conservation reveals general trends, specific features of implementing such norms into the national legislation of countries that are parties to the agreements, and assesses their effectiveness. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive approach that integrates general scientific and specific scientific methods of knowledge. The leading role is played by the comparative legal method, which allows for a detailed analysis of the norms of international agreements in the field of biodiversity conservation and the mechanisms for their practical implementation. The author proposes a classification of international treaties according to various criteria (scope, object of protection, objectives) and describes the mechanisms for legal protection implementation, including the creation of protected areas, national strategies, and global framework programs. The article also identifies systemic problems in law enforcement: the fragmentation of the legal framework, conflicts between ecological goals and economic interests, weaknesses in control mechanisms, and an anthropocentric paradigm of regulation. In conclusion, the need for further consolidation of efforts by states, businesses, and civil society, improvement of international legal regimes, and enhancement of ecological legal awareness to ensure a sustainable future for the planet is justified. The recognition of the need for comprehensive nature protection, as a universal and indisputable value for every person, may serve as the basis for greater consolidation of state efforts and as a focal point for returning the global community to peaceful and progressive development.