Risk and recurrence of waterborne diseases linked to groundwater quality in the Hérady district of Selembao (Kinshasa, DRC)

Introduction In Kinshasa, access to safe drinking water constitutes a critical public health challenge in peri-urban areas, where the population largely depends on well water. This study assesses the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of well water in the Hérady district (Selembao) and examines its relationship with the prevalence of waterborne diseases. Purpose To evaluate the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of well water in the Hérady district (Selembao, Kinshasa) and to examine its association with the prevalence of waterborne diseases recorded in local health facilities. Methods A total of 42 water samples were collected from seven wells during the dry season (May–August 2023). Physico-chemical parameters were analysed in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) standards, while microbiological contamination was assessed through the detection of total coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Pseudomonas spp. Health data from 118 medical consultations (November 2022 to January 2024) were used to evaluate the prevalence of waterborne diseases. Statistical analyses included Student’s t-test, Spearman correlation, and regression analysis. MATLAB was used for data visualisation through histograms. Results Waterborne diseases accounted for 74.6% of all medical consultations, predominantly intestinal parasitic infections (47.5%), gastroenteritis, and typhoid fever. Although most physico-chemical parameters complied with guideline values, an acidic pH (4.39) was observed. Microbiological contamination was high, with concentrations of aerobic flora, E. coli, and enterococci exceeding recommended standards. A significant correlation was established between these microbiological parameters and disease prevalence. Conclusion Despite an overall acceptable physico-chemical quality, well water in the Hérady district presents a high microbiological risk. Public awareness initiatives, water treatment interventions, and continuous monitoring are required to reduce the incidence of waterborne diseases.