Coordinated regulation of glutathione S-transferases confers metabolic flexibility in multi-insecticide-resistant Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)

Our results indicate that F. occidentalis may coordinate GST subfamilies to achieve metabolic flexibility in response to multi-insecticide pressure. This survival strategy, mediated by mechanistic functional allocation and cooperative interactions among subfamilies, may contribute to energy conservation and reduced adaptive costs. Disruption of this coordinated mechanism represents a potential approach for overcoming resistance in agricultural pest populations.