Masculinity and gender norms as risk factors in suicide and suicide ideation among male university students in Zimbabwe

This study explores the expression of masculinity and gender norms as risk factors in suicide and suicide ideation among male university students. With a focus on Midlands State University, Zimbabwe, male students are increasingly becoming a vulnerable demographic facing unique pressures in a highly competitive era. Traditionally, masculinity emphasizes traits such as stoicism, resilience and emotional restraint, which can significantly increase susceptibility to mental health challenges, suicide ideation and suicide. Suicide has become the third leading cause of death among youth and more males than females die of suicide annually in developing countries such as Zimbabwe. This paper examines how these entrenched and emerging masculine expectations and gender norms contribute to increased risks of suicidality among male students. Thomas Joiner's Interpersonal theory of suicide and Hegemonic masculinity were adapted to place into perspective the phenomenon under study. Qualitative methodology was used to collect data through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions from 32 purposively selected both male and female students and key informants. Data collection methods, sources and theoretical frameworks were triangulated in adherence to quality standards. Through a thematic analysis, data identifies key factors such as failure of romantic relationships, sexual orientation, drug and substance abuse, and societal expectations exacerbate mental health struggles which lead to suicidality. Results indicate that male students felt compelled to conform to culturally rigid masculine ideals and gender norms in the face of adverse socio-economic environment. Furthermore, social and self-stigmatization surrounding mental health reduced their help seeking behaviors, compromising their ability to cope effectively. The findings highlight the role of cultural narratives in trivializing the psychosocial well-being of young adult males. This underscores the urgent need for adaptation of inclusive gender sensitive mental health strategies that challenge harmful gender norms, masculine ideologies and stimulate conversations on socio-emotional vulnerabilities.