Impact response and damage evolution of three-dimensional carbon/aramid hybrid composites under low-velocity loading

Three-Dimensional (3D) hybrid carbon/aramid fiber composites have the potential to overcome the interlaminar weaknesses of traditional two-dimensional composites, but their low-velocity impact behavior remains insufficiently understood. This study aims to elucidate the damage mechanisms and impact resistance of 3D hybrid composites under low-velocity impact. To achieve this, composite samples with various Carbon Fiber (CF) and Aramid Fiber (AF) hybrid architectures were fabricated using controlled compaction techniques. Low-velocity impact tests were conducted to assess dynamic mechanical responses, energy absorption, and damage patterns. The results indicate that hybridization significantly improves impact resistance, with twisted CF/AF configurations exhibiting the highest energy absorption and damage tolerance. Incorporating aramid fibers in z -direction was found to effectively reduce delamination and enhance structural integrity. These findings provide guidance for the design and optimization of 3D hybrid composites, offering new insights for high-performance applications in aerospace and defense requiring superior impact durability.