Public Knowledge about Screening Tests in South-East Poland

Background: Neoplastic diseases constitute a major public health challenge globally and in Poland. Despite the implementation of population-based screening programs for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer, participation rates in Poland remain unsatisfactory. Early detection is the most effective tool for reducing cancer mortality, yet it relies heavily on public awareness and health literacy. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge and attitudes of adult residents of the Podkarpackie and Małopolskie voivodeships (south-east Poland) regarding screening tests, and to analyze the influence of sociodemographic factors on health behaviors. Material and methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a diverse group of 288 adults (192 women and 95 men). The research tool was an original questionnaire containing 30 items regarding knowledge of screening types (mammography, cytology, colonoscopy), screening guidelines, and risk factors. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test (p<0.05). Results: While general awareness of screening is high (99.7% of respondents recognized the terms), specific knowledge regarding frequency and age criteria is lacking. Education level proved to be the strongest predictor of adequate knowledge (p<0.001). A significant misconception regarding smoking was observed in the 50–65 age group, where many respondents believed smoking does not increase lung cancer risk. The main perceived barriers were low availability and lack of promotion. Conclusions: There is a critical need for targeted educational campaigns, particularly addressing men and individuals with lower education levels. The misconceptions prevalent in the 50–65 age group require immediate rectification to improve the effectiveness of lung cancer prevention.