Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of VP1 coding sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A, O, and SAT2 in Egypt

This study extends previous molecular investigations by including recent isolates from nearly all Egyptian governorates and integrating quantitative evolutionary rate estimation with structural analysis. The detection of new topotypes and unique mutations provides novel insights into FMDV evolution in Egypt and emphasizes the need for continuous molecular surveillance and periodic vaccine updates to maintain protection against emerging lineages.