Destructuralizing inequality: a sociological analysis of women’s vulnerability in Ulsan during COVID-19

Purpose This study aims to investigate both macro- and micro-level causes of gendered vulnerability during the COVID-19 pandemic, using Ulsan, South Korea, as a case study. Design/methodology/approach The research adopts a mixed-methods design, combining quantitative survey data (N = 103) with qualitative semi-structured interviews (N = 8) under the press and release and access models. Findings The results show that women’s vulnerability was rooted in neoliberal labor conditions and Confucian patriarchy. While the government offered generalized support, it lacked gender-specific measures. Social capital, especially bridging capital, played a key role in mitigating vulnerability. Research limitations/implications The study emphasizes the importance of addressing structural issues to enhance gender-responsive disaster resilience. The findings call for targeted support for marginalized female groups during crises, including mothers, non-regular workers and pregnant women. Originality/value This study examines power and neoliberalism by integrating empirical data. It provides rare insight into the lived experiences of Korean women during the pandemic, who are often underrepresented in disaster research.