Immunotherapy for virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: recent progress and future directions

Immunotherapy offers new hope for patients with virus-related HCC, but challenges remain in response heterogeneity, resistance, and toxicity. Individualized strategies that combine immunotherapy with effective antiviral management and biomarker-|guided patient selection are essential. Continued translational and clinical research into virus-immune-tumor interactions will enable safer, more effective, and more durable treatment outcomes, ultimately transforming HCC into a more manageable disease.