Structural inequalities and dietary diversity in Odisha: evidence from NSSO 68th and 79th rounds

This study attempts to measure the caste-based dietary gap and relative contribution of different socioeconomic factors in Odisha, India, through the lens of the Capability Approach. We used National Sample Survey 68th (2011-12) and 79th (2022-23) rounds data that includes 13,113 sample. Dietary diversity was assessed using a 13-food group score, categorized into low, medium, and high based on established FAO/FANTA thresholds. The caste gap in dietary disparities is assessed using Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition for non-linear models. The decomposition analysis reveals the magnitude of caste-based dietary gap and the contribution of observed and unobserved factors to such gap. A gradual improvement in dietary diversity from low to medium category has been observed among SC/ST between 2011 and 12 and 2022-23 in Odisha. The marginal effects show socioeconomic status, household composition, cooking fuel &location are the increases the probability of being in the medium and higher dietary diversity. About 76% and 57% of caste-based inequalities in high and medium dietary diversity (with reference to low dietary diversity) explained by observable differences in endowments. While education and wealth (endowment component) are the key drivers of dietary diversity, the large unexplained component for shift from low to medium dietary status underscores the structural barriers such as social exclusion, cultural norms and differential market access that reinforces caste inequalities. Addressing the caste-based dietary gap therefore requires equity-focused, multidimensional nutrition strategies that combine economic development with targeted interventions.