Latest known achievements in titanium alloys used in bio applications: a general review

The development of titanium alloys in various medical fields is currently of great interest to researchers, and in this regard, the manufacture of various parts such as hip joints, knee joints, surgical equipment, and dental implants is of great interest. This study is a review of the latest achievements in this field, and the results show that the development of new generation alloys containing elements such as niobium and molybdenum can lead to the manufacture of wear-resistant alloys with lower elastic modulus, which are used in dental implants. This article also reviews some applications of titanium quantum dots, and it is suggested that researchers in the future should work on the study and development of quantum dots and their use in the development of quantum alloys.