The role of antioxidants in enhancing biodiesel oxidation stability: application in maritime decarbonization

Abstract From 2030, all new harbor craft operating in the Port of Singapore must be fully electric, or capable of using neat biodiesel, or compatible with net zero fuels such as hydrogen. B100 biodiesel consists of 100% pure biodiesel derived from renewable sources. To ensure its suitability for diesel engines, technical specifications and quality requirements are defined by European standard EN 14214, American standard ASTM D6751, and international standard ISO 8217, which set maximum or minimum limits for relevant parameters. This review examines the impact of antioxidants on biodiesel oxidation stability, considering feedstock selection and antioxidant performance to enhance storage reliability and operational performance in maritime applications. As a drop‐in fuel, biodiesel is susceptible to oxidation during production and storage, potentially causing quality degradation. Optimizing antioxidant selection to improve biodiesel storage stability and operational reliability in maritime applications requires a comprehensive understanding of concentration, polarity (as explained by the polar paradox theory), and molecular mobility (as described by the reduced mobility hypothesis).