Recurrence and relapse in nonsegmental vitiligo: phenotypic and autoimmune predictors from a large retrospective cohort

Acral involvement, thyroid disease, and other autoimmune comorbidities are key predictors of recurrence/relapse in non-segmental vitiligo. Combined acral and thyroid involvement identifies a particularly high-risk subgroup with ∼2.5-fold higher hazard. Incorporating these phenotypic and autoimmune risk factors into clinical assessment may support risk-stratified maintenance planning and more individualized long-term monitoring.