Gums and Tums: The Oral–Gut Axis and the Role of Hygiene in Systemic Health

Abstract Objective: To review the emerging concept of the oral–gut axis and highlight the role of hygiene practices—including oral, perianal, perineal, hand, environmental, and food hygiene—in maintaining gut health and preventing systemic disease. Design: Narrative review of peer‑reviewed literature from 2000–2025. Results: Oral and gut microbiomes are interconnected through shared microbial pathways and immune signaling. Hygiene practices across multiple domains influence microbial balance, reduce pathogen transmission, and mitigate risks of gastrointestinal and systemic disorders. Figure 1 illustrates the multidimensional hygiene framework supporting the oral–gut axis Conclusion: A multidimensional hygiene framework—spanning oral care, perianal/perineal hygiene, hand hygiene, sanitation, and food safety—offers a holistic strategy to strengthen the oral gut axis and promote health across the lifespan.