Neoadjuvant and perioperative immunotherapy in resectable non–small cell lung cancer: Evidence to date and remaining questions

The neoadjuvant and perioperative use of chemo-immunotherapy in resectable non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has reshaped the treatment approach for locally advanced disease and has considerably improved outcomes. The addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the neoadjuvant (before surgery alone) and perioperative (before and after surgery) settings aims to target micrometastatic disease before resection while tumor antigens are abundant.1 To date, several landmark Phase 3 trials have demonstrated the improved outcomes, including event-free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS), pathological complete response (pCR), and major pathological response (Table 1).