Medicine, Surgery, and Law: A Medico-Legal Analysis of Healthcare Systems, Clinical Practice, and Institutional Accountability in India Authors and Affiliations Dr. Priyanka Sambhaji Jadhavar Assistant Professor, Department of Law Shivaji University,

Title of the Article Medicine, Surgery, and Law: A Medico-Legal Analysis of Healthcare Systems, Clinical Practice, and Institutional Accountability in India Authors and Affiliations Dr. Priyanka Sambhaji JadhavarAssistant Professor, Department of LawShivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India Ganesh Shrirang NaleDepartment of SociologyCentral University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, Haryana, India Description (Title, Authors, Affiliations with Abstract) Medicine, Surgery, and Law: A Medico-Legal Analysis of Healthcare Systems, Clinical Practice, and Institutional Accountability in India, authored by Dr. Priyanka Sambhaji Jadhavar (Shivaji University, Kolhapur) and Ganesh Shrirang Nale (Central University of Haryana), presents a comprehensive interdisciplinary examination of healthcare through medical, surgical, ethical, and legal lenses. The article explores the evolution of medicine and surgery within regulatory and institutional frameworks, integrating historical foundations from ancient Indian medical texts such as the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita with contemporary medico-legal challenges. It critically analyzes health economics, health insurance, medical sociology, doctor–patient relationships, hospital administration, and institutional accountability. Technological advancements including electronic medical records, artificial intelligence, robotics, and virtual reality are examined for their evidentiary and regulatory implications. Core surgical domains—such as sepsis, nosocomial infections, trauma care, disaster management, organ transplantation, and critical care—are discussed in relation to negligence, standard of care, and liability. The study also evaluates biomedical waste management, infection control, research ethics, informed consent, and clinical trials from statutory and criminal law perspectives. The article argues that modern healthcare institutions must be understood as legally accountable organizations where failures in ethics, documentation, systems, or training may attract civil, criminal, and regulatory consequences. By integrating medical science with legal analysis, the paper provides a holistic framework for healthcare governance in contemporary India. Keywords (Paragraph Form) Medical jurisprudence, surgical negligence, hospital liability, medical ethics, health law, biomedical waste management, nosocomial infections, sepsis, organ transplantation law, patient rights, consumer protection, evidence-based medicine, clinical governance, health insurance, institutional accountability.