Characterization of spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.) genotypes using DArTseq technology

The aim of this study was to apply DArTseq technology to analyze T. spelta L. (spelt wheat) genotypes in order to eliminate duplicates in the gene bank and ensure the high quality and purity of the stored material. The research included the analysis of genetic similarity, the construction of dendrograms, and association mapping, which enabled the identification of specific molecular diagnostic markers for spelt wheat. Spelt is an ancient cereal species gaining popularity, especially in organic farming. It is characterized by natural resistance to biotic factors and tolerance to environmental stress. Spelt is a valuable material in plant resistance breeding aimed at developing varieties resistant to diseases and well adapted to unfavourable environmental conditions. In this study, molecular characterization of 27 spelt genotypes was carried out using high-throughput DArTseq technology, enabling simultaneous analysis of SilicoDArT and SNP markers. A total of 96,136 markers were identified, of which 16,712 met the quality criteria and were used for genetic similarity and association mapping. Based on similarity coefficients, a dendrogram was created, distinguishing four main genotype groups. Association mapping revealed over 2,600 markers significantly associated with the virulence level of the B. graminis f. sp. tritici pathogen. Particular attention was paid to SilicoDArT 7,492,586 and SNP 1,126,088 markers, showing significant associations with plant response to three of the five analyzed isolates. Chromosomal regions (1D, 3D, 5B, 6 A) associated with resistance were also identified, confirming the polygenic nature of this trait. Results indicate high genetic variability of the analyzed material and the usefulness of DArTseq technology in identifying markers for resistance breeding. The presented markers can be used in marker-assisted breeding programs, especially considering the growing interest in spelt as a cereal for organic farming. These findings provide a valuable basis for further improvement of spelt resistance and sustainable cereal breeding.