Assessment of Hydrocarbon and Heavy Metal Contamination in Selected Coastal Communities of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Environmental contamination by hydrocarbons and heavy metals from petroleum exploration remains a significant ecological concern in Niger Delta region of Nigeria. This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics, hydrocarbon levels, and heavy metal concentrations of surface water, borehole water, soil, and sediment samples from Mbo, Udung Uko, Ibeno, and Oron in Akwa Ibom State. Standard APHA and EPA procedures were employed for laboratory analysis, and results were compared with WHO (2017) and NSDWQ (2015) limits. The results revealed high TPH (up to 150.962 ug/L) and THC (175.045 mg/L) in Ibeno and Oron waters, indicating severe petroleum contamination. Heavy metals such as Fe (11.528 mg/L), Pb (0.099 mg/L) and Cd (0.028 mgL) exceeded WHO limits, while borehole waters remained largely within standards. Soil and sediment samples also recorded elevated Fe, Zn, and Mn concentrations, confirming prolonged hydrocarbon influence. These findings suggest that petroleum activities significantly deteriorate water and soil quality in the study area. Continuous monitoring and remediation measures are recommended to mitigate environmental and public health risks.