Transaxillary suspension endoscopic-assisted subcutaneous gland excision: clinical outcomes and significance in gynecomastia management

This retrospective study demonstrated that transaxillary suspension endoscopic-assisted subcutaneous mastectomy significantly reduced intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage volume, and drainage duration, albeit with a longer operative time. While the incidence of postoperative complications was comparable between groups, the endoscopic approach was associated with significantly higher patient-reported satisfaction across multiple aesthetic domains and yielded greater improvement in postoperative psychological adaptation, particularly in interpersonal sensitivity.