Influence of pulmonary vein ovality on the occlusion efficacy of a size-adjustable cryoballoon: Insights from a 3D silicone model study

Pre-freeze mechanical occlusion differed according to balloon size and PV geometry. The 31-mm balloon performed best in larger, more circular veins, whereas the 28-mm balloon showed more uniform performance across varying shapes, likely reflecting differences in stiffness and compliance. These findings provide mechanistic insight into balloon-PV interactions and warrant further experimental and clinical validation.