Application of hollow manganese dioxide in cancer diagnosis and treatment

Malignant tumors pose a serious threat to human health. They are characterized by high incidence and indistinct early symptoms. Advances in medical technology have revealed the limitations of conventional therapies. Consequently, precision, minimally invasive, and integrated diagnosis and treatment have become key objectives in modern oncology. Nanomedicine shows considerable potential for precision therapy. However, novel nanocarriers that combine high efficiency, precise targeting, controllable drug release, and excellent biocompatibility are still urgently needed. Hollow manganese dioxide is a promising inorganic nanomaterial. It exhibits high drug loading capacity, responsiveness to the tumor microenvironment, and favorable biocompatibility. These properties make it an excellent drug carrier for cancer therapy. Synthetic methods for constructing MnO₂-based multifunctional nanoplatforms continue to advance. This review highlights promising applications of hollow MnO₂ in drug delivery, bioimaging, and biosensing. Finally, we summarize the associated challenges and future prospects in anticancer applications, aiming to provide meaningful guidance for further research.p.