Development of STEM-5E Learning Module on Application of Metal–Organic Frameworks MOF-235(Fe) as Malachite Green Dye Adsorbent for High School Students

Students’ understanding of organic, inorganic, physical, and analytical chemistry is relatively weak, making it challenging for them to apply these concepts in real-life situations. Developing these comprehension and processing skills is essential for achieving the learning objectives in high school chemistry (Phases E–F) in Indonesia. This study aims to develop a STEM-5E chemistry learning module on MOF-235(Fe) and evaluate its impact on learning. Before the module was introduced at the school, a comparative study was conducted in a university laboratory to assess the reference synthesis procedure alongside a newly developed simplified synthesis method for metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Characterization results from XRD, SEM (EDS), FT-IR, and sorption isotherm analyses confirmed that the MOF-235(Fe) synthesized via an accessible, straightforward approach was successfully formed and demonstrated potential as an effective adsorbent for Malachite Green dye waste. This method ensures suitability for application in school laboratory settings. The activity was implemented in a grade 12 chemistry class using a quasi-experimental design, in which students investigated the effects of contact time, adsorbent dosage, agitation, pH, and dye concentration on adsorption. As part of the STEM project, students were also encouraged to design and create functional prototypes to enable the broader use of MOFs in polluted water areas. The tests and accompanying surveys, evaluated through Rasch analysis, demonstrated a positive impact on students’ understanding of chemistry, engagement in laboratory activities, and interest in learning chemistry, indicating the successful development of the module.