Impact of staggered roughness on transition, momentum and scalar transport at low Reynolds numbers

Bypass transition, momentum and passive scalar transports in an initially laminar low Reynolds number channel flow with a specific roughness morphology are investigated by direct numerical simulations. The roughness elements are square bars of large heights $k$ . Turbulence cannot be triggered in an initially laminar flow without external noise, when the bars extend the entire width of the channel. A staggered configuration is necessary to break up the spanwise symmetry, in which case a pseudo-fully developed rough regime sets up and self-sustains near and below the subcritical Reynolds number. The critical parameter is the shift $s$ between two consecutive staggered bars spanning half the width of the channel. A small shift $s/k$ is enough to trigger the turbulent field. Momentum and scalar fields are analysed for different $s/k$ configurations. The Townsend similarity hypothesis postulating that the outer layer is insensitive to the roughness effects, and that the rough- and smooth-wall statistics collapse in the outer layer, holds well for the momentum field despite the large roughness heights. A particular attention is paid to the deviation of the scalar statistics from the Townsend hypothesis. There is a dissimilarity between the fluctuating temperature and the velocity fields. The Reynolds analogy does not hold stricto sensu . Wake-induced terms determined through the double-averaging procedure play an important role in the rough sublayer. For instance, a significative production of the fluctuating spanwise velocity intensity, which is absent in the canonical flow, appears as a wake-induced term at small shifts. This is solely due to the imposed spanwise asymmetry. The nature, the generation and the self-sustaining mechanisms of the coherent structures near and between the roughness elements are analysed in detail in different configurations. There is a substantial increase of the Nusselt number at particularly low Reynolds numbers.