The Applications of Photogrammetry in Medical Education: A Review

Photogrammetry has emerged as a powerful tool in medical education, offering precise and cost-effective 3D anatomical models that enhance spatial learning and accessibility. This systematic review synthesizes evidence from forty-eight (48) peer-reviewed studies (2000-2025) to evaluate photogrammetry's applications, technical workflows, and educational outcomes in anatomy and surgical training. Findings demonstrate its effectiveness across training levels, with high learner satisfaction (e.g., 96.4% preference over traditional methods) and sub-millimeter accuracy in rendering complex structures like neuroanatomy and musculoskeletal systems. Photogrammetry's adaptability for remote learning and specimen preservation addresses critical gaps in resource-limited settings. However, challenges persist, including the lack of tactile feedback and difficulties in visualizing deep anatomical relationships. Future directions should focus on integrating artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted processing, hybrid digital-physical models, and immersive technologies like virtual reality (VR)/augmented reality (AR) to bridge these gaps. By balancing innovation with evidence-based implementation, photogrammetry can further solidify its role as a transformative adjunct in modern medical curricula.