Highly-cyclable Na-ion battery exploiting a nanostructured tin-carbon anode, layered-oxide P3/P2 cathode and a glyme-based electrolyte

Alternative materials to (purely) carbon-based anodes could enhance the energy density of sodium-ion batteries, and thus favor their complementarity to lithium-ion batteries. This work provides a viable setup of Na-ion cells combining a P3/P2 sodium-deficient layered cathode and a tin-carbon Na-alloying anode with a glyme-based electrolyte. Galvanostatic cycling in sodium half-cells of the water-processed alloying anode with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder shows a maximum capacity of similar to 260 mAh g(-1), a capacity retention exceeding 70 % after 150 cycles, and an average Coulombic efficiency over 99 %. The multi-metal cathode evidences a great cycling stability over 100 cycles, with average Coulombic efficiency between 99.5 and 99.6 % as favored by the presence of Al3+ ions in its structure. Full Na-ion batteries exploiting ad hoc chemically-sodiated tin-based anode and sodium-deficient layered cathode operate with average working voltage of 3 V, and maximum capacity of 120 mAh g(-1) retained for 95 % over 100 cycles in the best experimental setup. The rationally designed full-cell reaches theoretical energy density between 310 and 250 Wh kg(-1) as referred to the cathode weight.