Application of Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes in Outdoor Sportswear: From Preparation Technologies to Multifunctional Integration

Outdoor sportswear increasingly demands multifunctional performance, including waterproofness, breathability, and intelligent thermal regulation. Nanofiber membranes, especially those prepared via electrospinning, offer a promising platform due to their tunable pore structures, high specific surface area, and ease of functionalization. This review outlines progress from fabrication to multifunctional integration, highlighting key quantitative advances: electrospun membranes achieve water vapor transmission rates >10,000 g·m−2·day−1 with hydrostatic pressure resistance of 80–150 kPa, and thermal conductivity as low as 0.033–0.040 W·m−1·K−1. We analyze how structural designs enable tailored functionalities for diverse outdoor scenarios. The review’s key contributions include establishing a clear “process-structure-function” framework, critically comparing nanofiber membranes with conventional materials, and identifying industrialization challenges—scalability, durability, cost—while pointing toward smart, sustainable, and customizable future directions.