Convergence in the NEET rates across the European Union: do gender differences persist?

Abstract This study traces gender convergence in the share of young people (15-29) who are not in employment, education, or training (NEET) across the EU-27 from 2004 to 2022. Using EU Labour Force Survey micro-data and Eurostat aggregates, we estimate β-, σ-, and δ-convergence. The results point to a clear narrowing of the average gender gap (upward β-convergence). While overall cross-country dispersion has not fallen (no σ-convergence), a catch-up process towards the countries with the smallest gender gaps is evident (δ-convergence). The closing gap is driven mainly by improved labour-market and educational outcomes for women, coupled with a general deterioration in men’s outcomes. In the long run, early school-leaving rates, youth employment levels and spending on active labour-market policies emerge as key determinants of gender convergence. We conclude by outlining the policy implications of these findings.