Global goals, local gaps: Thailand’s long road to SDG 4 in education policy reform

This study examines Thailand’s educational reform trajectory through the lens of Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4), using a policy alignment framework. Drawing on thematic analysis of Social Development Reports (2010–2024) alongside qualitative comparative analysis of key education policies, the research evaluates how reforms have addressed equity, access, and quality across primary, secondary, and vocational levels. The findings reveal that despite new initiatives, inconsistent implementation continues to constrain equitable and inclusive education, particularly in rural and marginalized areas. These challenges highlight the need for more coherent policy approaches, equitable resource allocation, and stronger stakeholder collaboration. By linking global SDG 4 commitments to local realities, the study identifies governance-sensitive levers that can advance equity. The study introduces a transparent pre-/post-SDG comparative coding design and proposes actionable delivery mechanisms—including equity-weighted funding formulas, balanced assessment reforms, and inter-agency coordination—to strengthen policy coherence and improve equity outcomes.