Biochemical insights into cannabidiol–endocannabinoid system interactions in the regulation of metabolic pathways

Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid from Cannabis sativa, has emerged as an important compound of interest in biochemical and pharmaceutical research. Its molecular activity is closely linked to the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which plays a central role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. Dysregulation of the ECS has been associated with insulin resistance, lipid imbalance, obesity, and increased cardiovascular risk. This review summarizes the current biochemical evidence on the mechanisms by which CBD modulates metabolic pathways through interactions with cannabinoid receptors and related molecular targets. Special emphasis is placed on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of CBD, its capacity to influence mitochondrial function, and its impact on glucose and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, this review discusses the influence of physicochemical factors, such as bioavailability and route of administration, on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of CBD. Potential interactions with other biomolecules and therapeutic agents are also considered, highlighting the need for systematic biochemical and pharmacological evaluation. Overall, the synthesis of the available literature indicates that CBD is a promising candidate for further biochemical and preclinical studies aimed at elucidating its regulatory role in metabolic processes and its potential for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.