Rapid parasitological indicators as practical biosecurity tools in inland Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) aquaculture: A national multiregional two-season survey in Saudi Arabia

This nationwide two-season assessment shows that simple parasitological screening, especially for <i>Trichodina</i> and <i>Cichlidogyrus</i>, offers quick, affordable signs of biosecurity breaches in inland <i>O. niloticus</i> aquaculture. The presence of parasites indicates past or current risks of pathogen introduction, highlighting the importance of better quarantine procedures, water quality management, and following national biosecurity guidelines. Regular quarterly parasitological checks, combined with water quality testing and improved farm hygiene, can enhance early detection and reduce the spread of disease across Saudi Arabia's aquaculture industry.